Thank you for the suggestions. It is a large bus and I had trouble at first getting everything working (older firmware on the EmpirBus digital switching modules prevented the Furuno settings menus from working). The bus is split with a Maretron NBE100 gateway, and both sides are independently powered, however the MFDs and the AIS are on the same segment. All firmware is the latest and greatest. I have switched the device instances on the Furuno MFDs to match, and will watch to see if the weird characters on AIS names reappear.
One thing to note, however, is I believe this is some sort of issue with the data being first populated as the MFD boots, as when it happens on boot the weird characters persist in the AIS names, but when it boots and the characters are not there, I have never seen them start to appear.